管理员回复：⑴Plato suggested that thought was the soul’s discourse with itself.
柏拉图认为语言和思想相互统一的。
⑵Aristotle, who argued that mankind could not have the same languages and that languages were but signs of psychological experiences.
亚里士多德认为语言只是人类体现的符号。
The debate between them, one being mentalist, other empiricist.
两个人的观点向背。一个是心灵主义，另一个是经验主义。
⑶Watson, thinking involved the same motor activities used in speaking, Bloomfield, thinking was a system of movements that had been reduced from actual speech to the point where they were no longer visible.
美国的Watson承袭了Plato的观点，Bloomfield提出了近似的观点。

管理员回复：Culture: In a broad sense, it means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of beliefs, customs,objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. In a narrow sense, culture may refer to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs which can be mostly found in
folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture, etc.

管理员回复：It’s been proposed that the brain activity involved in hearing, understanding and then saying a word would follow a definite pattern,
when we listen, the word is heard and comprehended via Wernicke’s area, this signal is then transferred to Broca’s area where preparations are made to produce it. A signal is then sent to the motor area controlling the vocal tract to physically articulate the word.
When we speak, words are drawn from Wernicke’s area and sent to Broca’s area which determines the details of their form and pronunciation. The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area.

管理员回复：Some major causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition include
(1)Interference from the mother tongue;母语干扰
(2)Interlingual interference within the target language;目标语的语际语干扰
(3)overgeneralization.过度概括
具体分析
Interference from the mother tongue:
Mother tongue interference is found at the level of pronunciation, morphology, syntax, vocabulary and meaning, and can be predicated by contrasting the grammatical or other systems of the native and target languages.
Interlingual interference:
Interlingual interference，or cross-association, occurs when the learner mixes rules and patterns of the target language and produce hybrid structures.
Overgeneralization：
The use of previously available strategies in new situations, i.e. the application of a particular pattern or rule of the target language in many other linguistic situations

管理员回复：
Pragmatics
语用学–
如何通过语境来理解和使用语言; the study of language inactual use . 定义：It studies natural language understanding, and specifically how context influences the interpretation of meanings. Meaning in pragmatics is different from the meaning we studied in semantics mostly in the sense that pragmatic meaning depends more on context.

管理员回复：多式综合语言又叫编插语、抱合语、合体语。有人认为它是一种特殊的粘着语。这种语言的主要特点是：把句子成分作为附加成分包括在同一个词里。一般来讲，是把宾语、状语甚至主语作为词缀形式包含在动词谓语中，以动词为中心构成一个相当于句子的词形，来完成一个句子的语法功能。这些词缀又都具有各自的词汇意义和语法意义。在这样的语言中，句子和词统一起来了。美洲印第安语言和古亚西亚一些语言属于这种多式综合语。

管理员回复：Linguistic determinism
It refers to the fact that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on langauge, to put it more bluntly, language determines thought.

管理员回复：The Conceptualist View(概念主义观点)：Semantic triangle - Ogden and Richards Following Saussure’s “Sign Theory”, they have succeeded in revealing that there is no direct relation between the word and its object. In the triangle, the “symbol” or the form refers to the linguistic elements (words),the “referent” refers to
the object in the world of experience, and “thought
” or “reference” refers to the concept or notion. Thus, thesymbol signifies things by virtue of the concept associated with the form of the word, in the mind of the speaker of a language.

管理员回复：Tautology usually arises when the information contained in an argument of a predication includes the information contained in the rest of the predication.

管理员回复：Semantics语义学 –It studies the meaning of linguistic units, words andsentences in particular